Reakirt's blue butterflies were moving among the flower heads of white clover in my lawn. I presumed that they were nectaring, but I watched closely and discovered that they were ovipositing. They ...

Erol Akçay, a biology professor at Penn, recently conducted a research about mutualism in ecosystems. New research from a Penn professor and a Penn alum shows that mutually beneficial relationships ...

The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their ...

Cooperative hunting is often assumed to be maintained through returns to scale: by working together, foragers can gain higher returns than they would have by hunting alone. The problem with this ...

Endosymbiotic relationships -- in which one organism lives within another -- are striking examples of mutualism, and can often significantly shape the biology of the participant species. In new ...

Mutualism is a libertarian form of market socialism. It is most associated with Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, the first person to call himself an anarchist. However, he did not invent the term but rather ...

A recent paper by researchers at Appalachian State University and Virginia Tech, published in the journal Ecology, titled: “Strong effects of a mutualism on freshwater community structure,” shows how ...

In Tanzania, we watched on many occasions when small flocks of red-billed birds descended upon the backs of giraffes, cape buffalo, elephants and hippopotamuses, prancing around like they owned them.