During the early stages of life, organs do not just appear in their final form. They take shape through a process of controlled bending, twisting, and folding. These changes help cells organize into ...

Advances in machine learning and shape-memory polymers are enabling engineers to design for mechanical performance first and ...

With 4D printing, the objects can change shape or properties using external stimuli such as temperature, light, pH, magnetic field, electricity, and moisture. Additionally, the changes in shape or ...

A recent study published in Advanced Materials introduced a 4D printing method to create tubular moisture-responsive actuators called meta biocomposites. These structures use continuous flax fiber ...

A recent article published in Small Science introduces fully bioderived, four-dimensional (4D) printable shape memory polymers (SMPs) with linear tunability and remotely controlled actuation ...